Law of Conservation of Mass/Energy

 

1. In the Universe there is a finite amount of matter and energy. We cannot create any new matter or energy nor can we destroy any of the matter or energy we have for the Universe as a whole.

 

2. We can change matter to energy and energy to matter without gaining or losing any of either to the Universe. Examples:

 

3. Energy can be changed in form, from one to another, without any loss to the Universe. Examples:

 

4. Matter can be changed in form, or state, without any loss of matter to the Universe. Examples:

 

First Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of Energy

Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy increases in all natural processes

Third Law of Thermodynamics: We cannot reach absolute zero temperatures

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If Ta = Tb and Tb = Tc, then Ta = Tc,  (shows thermal equilibrium in balance)

 

ENTROPY - entropy is a measure of the randomness of molecular motion - in all natural processes entropy increases ‑ in every energy transformation some of the original energy is changed to heat energy that is not available for any future use -the amount of free energy available for use decreases - heat flows from hotter areas to cooler areas - random motion of molecules increases - can't add heat to system and turn it entirely into work (you always have some heat loss) - no perpetual motion machines can exist -can't take heat from cold object and make hot object hotter without you doing some extra work - example: you have a cup of water at 0° C and another at 100° C , you mix them together in a larger container that will hold 2 cups. The water is now at 50° C . Entropy says that this water will not divide itself back up into 2 cups of 0 and 100° C water unless you do some amount of work to make this happen.

 

4 Forces in Nature

1. gravity -- this force is dependent on mass and the distance between the objects

2. electromagnetism -- affects all electrically charged particles

3. strong nuclear force -- binds together the particles of the nucleus

4. weak nuclear force -- responsible for nuclear decay (radioactivity)

 

Mass Defect - When scientist found the actual mass of an atom they found it to be less than what it should have been. This missing mass had been converted into energy to hold the nucleus together. This is called binding energy (an example of the strong nuclear force).

 

- Magnify a letter on a type written page one million times and you can see the molecules the ink is made of. This is CHEMISTRY.

- Magnify it a billion times more and you see the atoms that make up the molecules. This is ATOMIC PHYSICS.

- Select one atom, magnify it 10 000 times and you are inside the nucleus. This is NUCLEAR PHYSICS.

- Smash the nucleus, disintegrating it into smaller particles. This is PARTICLE PHYSICS.

 

LEPTONS = particles with no perceptible internal structure (electrons, muons, neutrinos, etc.)

HADRONS = particles composed of quarks (protons, neutrons, pions, etc.)

 

Quarks (in order of ascending mass) Up, Down, Strange, Charmed, Bottom, Top

1. Quarks form protons, neutrons, but not electrons or positrons

2. Gluons bind together particles these quarks

3. Gluons are similar to photons. Both are massless, move at the speed of light, and neither has an electrical charge.

4. The strength of the gluon is so strong that a quark cannot be separated from a proton, but the quark making up part of the proton may emit a gluon if the conditions are acceptable.

5. The gluon force is called the strong force or color force.

6. Quarks have colors (red, blue, green) and corresponding antiquarks with antired, antiblue, and antigreen.

7. Gluons can interact with other gluons, but when a quark emits a gluon, the color of the quark is changed.

8. If electrons and positrons collide they are both annihilated to form pure energy from which a quark and an antiquark can materialize (of opposite colors of course). These particles have a high kinetic energy which will cause the emission of a gluon, which changes the color of the quark but the total color of the quark, antiquark, and gluon will still cancel to zero.

9. The annihilation of these electrons and positrons form jets of particles, which were first predicted and then actually found. These are called Mercedes Jets.

10. Protons and neutrons are though to be clouds of particles called mesons which are made up of quarks.